Integral Molecular, a leader in antibody discovery and characterization, has published new research in the journal mAbs, revealing that as many as one-third of antibody-based drugs exhibit nonspecific binding to unintended targets. A serious concern, off-target drug binding is a significant cause of adverse events in patients, with the potential to even cause death. Analysis of antibody off-target binding across different phases of clinical development suggests this to be a major cause of drug attrition. Early specificity testing could improve drug approvals and patient safety.

In this study, Norden et al. present the first empirical assessment of antibody specificity, quantifying the prevalence of off-target binding across the drug pipeline. They accomplished this through retrospective specificity analyses of leading antibody candidates from biopharmaceutical companies and a prospective study of clinically administered antibody drugs (including those that are given to patients in advanced clinical trials, FDA-approved, or withdrawn). The molecules were tested using the Membrane Proteome Array™ (MPA), a cell-based protein array representing the human membrane proteome, that was developed to test specificity and improve drug safety.

Key Findings:

• 18% of the 83 clinically administered antibody drugs tested showed off-target interactions.
• 22% of the antibody drugs withdrawn from the market, often due to safety issues, showed nonspecific binding.
• 33% of the 254 lead molecules tested showed nonspecific binding, a predictor of failure in future stages of development.

These findings challenge the long-held belief in the absolute specificity of antibodies and underscore the critical need for more rigorous testing.

"Nonspecific drug binding can lead to adverse events or even death," said Diana Norden, PhD, lead study author. "The presumption that every antibody confers absolute specificity is simply not accurate. New technologies like the MPA provide a detailed assessment of antibody specificity and can significantly de-risk drug development."

Norden DM, Navia CT, Sullivan JT, Doranz BJ.
The emergence of cell-based protein arrays to test for polyspecific off-target binding of antibody therapeutics.
MAbs. 2024 Jan-Dec;16(1):2393785. doi: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2393785