Described this week in the New England Journal of Medicine (July 4, 2013 print issue), the clinical trial was conducted at multiple sites in China and designed in partnership with a physician at UC San Francisco.
The trial involved 5,170 people who were hospitalized after suffering minor ischemic strokes or stroke-like events known as transient ischemic attacks, or TIAs, in which blood flow to the brain is briefly blocked. All patients were randomized into two groups and treated for three months with either aspirin alone or aspirin plus clopidogrel, which is marketed as Plavix. The three-month period following stroke is considered the most critical for medical intervention.
Overall, 8.2 percent of patients taking both drugs suffered subsequent strokes in the three months of follow-up compared to 11.7 percent of patients taking aspirin alone.
"The results were striking," said S. Claiborne Johnston, MD, PhD, a professor of neurology and associate vice chancellor of research at UCSF who was a senior author on the study.
The Chinese trial, called CHANCE (Clopidogrel in High-risk Patients with Acute Non-disabling Cerebrovascular Events), is nearly identical to a National Institutes of Health-sponsored trial that is already enrolling patients in the United States, including at UCSF, called POINT (Platelet-Oriented Inhibition in New TIA and Minor Ischemic Stroke).
"If POINT confirms CHANCE, then we're done - the two-drug combination becomes the standard of care," said Johnston. "Anybody with a transient ischemic attack or minor stroke will get clopidogrel plus aspirin."
The POINT trial is important, said Johnston, because genetics, risk factors, and medical practice differences could all lead to differences in trial results in China compared to other countries. Johnston is the principal investigator of the POINT trial.
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide and is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States.
More than 795,000 people in the United States have strokes every year, and, in 2008 alone, some 133,000 cases were fatal, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Another 300,000 people in the United States have TIAs each year.
Many strokes are minor - shorter in duration than a full-blown stroke and usually have no lingering health impacts. In China, for instance, about 3 million new strokes occur every year, and about 30 percent of them are minor.
The protocol for the CHANCE trial was developed by Johnston and colleagues at Tiantan Hospital in China. The lead author of the study was Yongjun Wang, MD, of Beijing Tiantan Hospital.
China has many times more people who have strokes every year than the United States because of the size of the population and higher stroke rates, which allowed investigators to screen 41,561 patients in just three years at the 114 clinical sites, and enroll 5,170 patients in the trial.
The reason for minor attacks is much the same as a full-blown stroke: a blood clot causes a blockage in the blood vessels that feed oxygen-rich blood to the brain. But in patients with TIAs and many minor strokes, the clot quickly goes away, usually in a few minutes, due to the natural mechanisms in the human body that are designed to deal with such clots.
However, in the weeks following a TIA or minor stroke, there is great risk that another clot will form, causing additional strokes - potentially major ones. About 10 to 20 percent of people who have a TIA or minor stroke go on to have a subsequent stroke within three months.
Because of this risk, the first 90 days after a stroke or TIA is the most critical window for medical intervention. Currently, people who have minor strokes or TIAs are initially treated with aspirin alone. The purpose of the CHANCE trial was to determine whether clopidogrel with aspirin was more effective than aspirin alone in this intervention.
The drugs basically work the same way. They are "antiplatelet" agents, which target clotting agents found in the bloodstream know as platelets, preventing their aggregation. The combination is used commonly in patients who have heart attacks, but there has been no adequate clinical data to suggest it would work in stroke.
Other co-authors of the article, "Clopidogrel with Aspirin in Acute Minor Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack" are, Yilong Wang, MD, PhD, Xingquan Zhao, MD, PhD,Liping Liu, MD, PhD, David Wang, DO, FAAN, Chunxue Wang, MD, PhD, Chen Wang, MD, Hao Li, PhD, Xia Meng, MD, PhD, Liying Cui, MD, PhD, Jianping Jia, MD, PhD, Qiang Dong, MD, PhD, Anding Xu, MD, PhD, Jinsheng Zeng, MD, PhD, Yansheng Li, MD, PhD, Zhimin Wang, MD and Haiqin Xia, MD.
These co-authors are affiliated with Beijing Tiantan Hospital at Capital Medical University in Beijing; University of Illinois College of Medicine in Peoria, IL; Peking Union Medical College Hospital in Beijing; Xuan Wu Hospital at Capital Medical University in Beijing; Huashan Hospital of Fudan University in Shanghai; The First affiliated Hospitals of Jinan University and Sun Yat-Sen University in Guangzhou, China; Renji Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University; Taizhou First People's Hospital in Taizhou, China; and Taiyuan Iron and Steel (Group) Co., Ltd., General Hospital in Taiyuan, China.
This work funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MST) of the People's Republic of China (grant #2008ZX09312-008, #2011BAI08B02, #2012ZX09303 and #200902004).
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